Why Force Fails
U.S. soldiers at Hamid Karzai International Airport, Kabul, August 2021. U.S. Marine Corps / Sgt. Isaiah Campbell / Reuters Foreign Affairs By Jennifer Kavanagh and Bryan Frederick American soldiers have been deployed abroad almost continuously since the end of World War II. The best-known foreign interventions—in Vietnam, Afghanistan, and Iraq—were large, long, and costly. But
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